U.S. G.D.P. Is Expected to Show Steep Fall in New Report

New data on Thursday morning will almost certainly show that economic output fell at its fastest pace on record last spring.

Economists surveyed by FactSet expect the Commerce Department to report that U.S. gross domestic product fell by more than 10 percent in the second quarter of the year. That would translate to a 34.6 percent annual rate of decline.

If the actual number even approaches those forecasts, it would represent a collapse of breathtaking speed and severity. By comparison, economic output fell 4 percent during the entirety of the Great Recession a decade ago — and took 18 months to get there.

“Never have we seen such large declines in activity at such a rapid pace,” said Gregory Daco, chief U.S. economist for Oxford Economics.

In response to the crisis, Congress pumped trillions of dollars into the economy. The plan worked at first: After plunging in March and April, spending and employment rebounded in May and June.

In recent weeks, however, cases of the virus have surged in much of the country. Data from public and private sources indicate a pullback in economic activity, reflecting consumer unease and renewed shutdowns.

“In another world, a sharp drop in activity would have been just a good, necessary blip while we addressed the virus,” said Heather Boushey, president of the Washington Center for Equitable Growth, a progressive think tank. “From where we sit in July, we know that this wasn’t just a short-term blip.”

A fresh snapshot of the job market will arrive Thursday morning as the Labor Department reports the latest weekly data on initial claims for unemployment benefits.

Economists are expecting the tally of new state unemployment claims filed last week to total 1.43 million, about the same as the week before.

Claims rose the previous week after nearly four months of declines, signaling the economic toll brought by a resurgence of the coronavirus in many parts of the country.

“Even if it doesn’t keep rising, we’re still in a desperate situation,” said Diane Swonk, chief economist at the accounting firm Grant Thornton in Chicago. Noting that claims were in the 200,000 range before the pandemic forced widespread shutdowns in March, she added, “This is unique in terms of the speed and magnitude of the job losses.”

What’s more, fears are growing that after rebounding strongly in May and June, the economy has run out of steam with many states reversing the reopening of businesses.

At the same time, the $600 supplemental weekly unemployment payment from the federal government is ending, a potentially crippling financial blow to millions.

“Everyone wants to keep putting on rose-colored glasses, but it’s blinding us to the reality of the situation and what we have to deal with,” Ms. Swonk said.

The German economy shrank 10.1 percent from April through June compared to the previous quarter, the biggest decline since the government starting keeping the data in 1970.

But the figure, which covers the peak period of pandemic lockdowns, may already be old news. Surveys of business managers indicate that Germany’s largest economy is rebounding quickly, though it will probably be months or years before growth returns to normal, and the risk of further setbacks is high.

Germany is in a better position than other European Union countries like Italy or Spain, in part because the government was effective in containing the spread. At the same time, new infections of the coronavirus are rising again as Germans return from holidays abroad, and there is fear of a second wave.

The pandemic has left deep scars on the German economy even if the pain is less severe than in many other countries, including the United States.

About 7 million people in Germany are on government-subsidized paid furloughs, and not all will get their jobs back. Companies like the automaker Daimler and Deutsche Bank are cutting their workforces permanently in response to changes in their industries that go beyond the pandemic.

Strong sales in China helped Huawei edge out Samsung to become the world’s biggest smartphone vendor in the second quarter, according to the research firm Canalys — a milestone for the embattled Chinese tech giant.

Distrust of Huawei’s products is rising all around the world. The Trump administration, concerned that the Chinese government might use Huawei gear to disrupt telecommunications networks, has restricted the company’s access to American technology.

And Britain this month said it would bar Huawei equipment from the country’s 5G mobile networks. Other governments have mulled similar moves.

Huawei has doubled down on the Chinese market in response, a strategy that has paid off during the pandemic. China’s economy is recovering more quickly than others, helping Huawei sell 55.8 million handsets between April and June, according to Canalys. Samsung sold 53.7 million devices.

Samsung has for years been the world’s largest smartphone seller. But its major markets, including the United States, Europe and Brazil, are deeper in the coronavirus-related economic doldrums.

“This is a remarkable result that few people would have predicted a year ago,” said Ben Stanton, a Canalys analyst. “If it wasn’t for Covid-19, it wouldn’t have happened.”

PARIS — French carmaker Renault posted a record net loss Thursday of 7.3 billion euros ($8.58 billion) in the first half of the year, as layoffs mounted at its global operations amid rising economic hardship from the coronavirus pandemic.

The bulk of Renault’s losses came from Nissan, Renault’s partner in a global automaking alliance, which this week warned it was facing its weakest sales in a decade and operating losses for the year of over $4 billion. Without Nissan’s negative contribution to the alliance, Renault’s losses were at €2 billion, down from €1.5 billion a year ago.

Global carmakers have been slammed by the pandemic, and Renault is among many looking to streamline operations to adjust to the economic downturn. Renault’s chief executive, Luca de Meo, said in a statement that the situation was “unprecedented,” but added that he had “every confidence in the group’s ability to recover.”

The pandemic has deeply impacted Renault’s business, especially in the European Union, the company’s most important market, where sales plunged 80 percent in April amid nationwide quarantines. The company has taken a €5 billion financial aid package from the French government, and announced plans to pull out of China and curb global production sharply to face what it called a “major crisis facing the automotive industry.”

Despite the government support, Renault said in May that it would cut nearly 15,000 jobs worldwide, or about 8 percent of its work force, which included the closure of a plant in France, putting at risk 4,600 jobs.

The way the numbers are presented may sow confusion when the Commerce Department on Thursday morning releases its preliminary estimate of second-quarter gross domestic product. Ben Casselman explains how to understand the number:

Forecasters expect the report to show that G.D.P. fell at an annual rate of about 35 percent in the second quarter. If you don’t follow economic data closely (or maybe even if you do), you might have read that as saying output fell by more than a third in just three months. But that would be wrong.

In the United States, G.D.P. isn’t reported as a simple change from one quarter to the next. It’s reported as an annual rate. (Technically a seasonally adjusted annual rate.) Think of it this way: If this rate of change held steady, this is how much G.D.P. would grow or shrink over a full year.

A negative 35 percent annual growth rate would mean economic output was 10.2 percent smaller in the second quarter than in the first. (It’s not as simple as dividing the annual rate by four, because growth rates compound.)

Looking at things on an annualized basis can be useful, because it makes it easy to compare data collected over different time periods. You’ve probably done a version of this calculation yourself! “OK, if I cut out my $4 daily latte, that would save me $1,000 a year.”

But when annual rates get applied to short-term or one-off changes, they can be misleading.

Right now, the economy is experiencing a lot of short-term swings. The developments are real and important — but it doesn’t make much sense to annualize them.

For that reason, in our coverage tomorrow, The Times plans to emphasize the simple, nonannualized change from the first quarter to the second. We’ll still give the annualized number for those used to seeing it that way, plus other numbers as relevant, such as year-over-year change.

This approach will make the second quarter change look milder than if we had used the annualized figure. We plan to do the same thing next quarter, when it will (presumably) make the rebound look smaller. But in both cases, we believe it will more clearly communicate what is happening in the economy.

Follow @BenCasselman on Twitter for more economics insight.

Here is what happened Wednesday:

• Regal Cinemas, the second-largest multiplex chain in the United States, said it did not plan to follow suit of its rival AMC Entertainment in allowing Universal Pictures movies to arrive in homes just 17 days after rolling out in theaters. The norm in the industry has long been to restrict distribution through streaming for 90 days after a movie’s release.

• U.S. employment data has been relentlessly grim in recent weeks, showing rising layoffs and falling job postings. But Wednesday brought a glimmer of optimism: Data from the Census Bureau showed an increase in jobs last week, after four straight weekly declines.

• Gap Inc., the retailer that oversees its namesake chain, Old Navy and Banana Republic, has been facing a wave of lawsuits from major mall owners and smaller landlords after it stopped paying tens of millions of dollars in rent for its roughly 2,800 stores in North America. Now, the company is filing its own lawsuits and counterclaims, saying that it is actually owed money for rent it paid in March and that leases must be renegotiated or terminated based on unexpected closures and major shifts in the shopping landscape.

• The Treasury Department and the United States Postal Service said that they had reached an agreement on terms that would allow the Postal Service to access $10 billion in loan money that was approved by Congress in the March economic relief package.

• Deutsche Bank, Germany’s largest lender, reported a small but better-than-expected profit as it cashed in on market turbulence caused by the pandemic.

• Boeing said that it was slowing plane production and might cut jobs as it reels from the grounding of the 737 Max and a devastating aviation slowdown brought on by the coronavirus pandemic. The company also reported a $2.4 billion loss in the second quarter.

• General Motors lost $758 million as its second-quarter revenue was more than halved, to $16.8 billion compared with $36.1 billion in the same period a year ago, as the coronavirus pandemic took a heavy toll on its operations in most regions of the world.